In 1988, JDM cars were limited by voluntary self-restraints among manufacturers to 280 horsepower (PS) (276 hp) and a top speed of 180 km/h (111.8 mph), limits imposed by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association ( JAMA) for safety. VCM was successfully introduced to the Accord V6 in its redesign for 2008. However, the 2003 Honda Accord V6, which was the same basic vehicle, primarily intended for the North American market, did not feature VCM, which had a poor reputation after Cadillac's attempt in the 1980s with the V8-6-4 engine. For instance, the 2003 Honda Inspire featured the first application of Honda's Variable Cylinder Management. The Japanese car owner looks more toward innovation than long-term ownership which forces Japanese carmakers to refine new technologies and designs first in domestic vehicles. Japanese domestic market vehicles may differ greatly from the cars that Japanese manufacturers build for export and vehicles derived from the same platforms built in other countries. According to the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, a car in Japan travels a yearly average of over only 9,300 kilometers (5,800 miles), less than half the U.S. The average age of JDM cars is 8.7 years, ranking 9th in a survey of 30 of the top 50 countries by gross domestic product. Only a vehicle made in Japan specifically to be sold in Japan is considered JDM. There is a common misconception that any Japanese branded car is JDM however, this is not true. Japanese owners contend with a strict motor vehicle inspection and grey markets. Japanese domestic market ( JDM) refers to Japan's home market for vehicles and vehicle parts. Fender mirror of Toyota Celsior (UCF20 JDM)
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